Images of Jim Elliots Plane Drawings

Christian proselytizing attempt in Ecuador (1955–1956)

Nate Saint's aircraft was discovered in 1994, buried in the sand along the Curaray River. The frame was reconstructed and is now on display at the headquarters of the Mission Aviation Fellowship in Nampa, Idaho.

Operation Auca was an try by five Evangelical Christian missionaries from the United States to bring Christianity to the Waodani or Huaorani people of the rain wood of Republic of ecuador. The Huaorani, also known pejoratively as Aucas (a modification of awqa, the Quechua discussion for "savages"), were an isolated tribe known for their violence, against both their ain people and outsiders who entered their territory. With the intention of being the showtime Christians to evangelize the previously uncontacted Huaorani, the missionaries began making regular flights over Huaorani settlements in September 1955, dropping gifts, which were reciprocated. After several months of exchanging gifts, on January three, 1956, the missionaries established a camp at "Palm Beach", a sandbar along the Curaray River, a few kilometers from Huaorani settlements. Their efforts came to an cease on January 8, 1956, when all five—Jim Elliot, Nate Saint, Ed McCully, Peter Fleming, and Roger Youderian—were attacked and speared by a group of Huaorani warriors. The news of their deaths was circulate around the earth, and Life magazine covered the upshot with a photo essay.

The deaths of the men galvanized the missionary attempt in the U.s., sparking an outpouring of funding for evangelization efforts around the earth. Their work is still ofttimes remembered in evangelical publications, and in 2006 was the subject of the film production End of the Spear. Several years after the expiry of the men, the widow of Jim Elliot, Elisabeth, and the sister of Nate Saint, Rachel, returned to Ecuador equally missionaries with the Summer Constitute of Linguistics (at present SIL International) to live amid the Huaorani. This eventually led to the conversion of many, including some of those involved in the killing.

Waorani [edit]

The Waorani effectually the time of Performance Auca were a pocket-sized tribe occupying the jungle of Eastern Republic of ecuador betwixt the Napo and Curaray Rivers, an area of approximately twenty,000 square kilometers (7,700 mi²). They numbered approximately 600 people, and were split into 3 groups, all mutually hostile—the Geketaidi, the Baïidi, and the Wepeidi. They lived on the gathering and cultivation of institute foods like manioc and plantains, as well every bit fishing and hunting with spear and blowgun. Family units consisted of a man and his wife or wives, their single sons, their married daughters and sons-in-law, and their grandchildren. All of them would reside in a longhouse, which was separated by several kilometers from another longhouse in which close relatives lived. Marriage was ever endogamous and typically between cousins, and arranged by the parents of the young people.^[1]

Earlier their offset peaceful contact with outsiders (cowodi) in 1958, the Huaorani fiercely defended their territory. Viewing all cowodi every bit cannibalistic predators, they killed rubber tappers around the plough of the 20th century and Beat out Oil Company employees during the 1940s, in addition to any lowland Quechua or other outsiders who encroached on their country.^[2] Furthermore, they were prone to internal violence, often engaging in vengeance killing of other Huaorani. Raids were carried out in farthermost anger by groups of men who attacked their victims' longhouse by night and then fled. Attempts to build truces through gifts and exchange of spouses became more than frequent as their numbers decreased and the tribes fragmented, but the bicycle of violence connected.^[3]

Missionaries [edit]

Jim Elliot first heard of the Huaorani in 1950 from a sometime missionary to Ecuador, and afterwards indicated that God had called him to Ecuador to evangelize the Huaorani. He began corresponding with his friend Pete Fleming nearly his desire to minister in Ecuador, and in 1952 the ii men set sail for Guayaquil as missionaries with the Plymouth Brethren.^{[4] [5]} For half dozen months they lived in Quito with the goal of learning Castilian. They and then moved to Shandia, a Quechua mission station deep in the Ecuadorian jungle. In that location they worked nether the supervision of a Christian Missions in Many Lands^[six] missionary, Wilfred Tidmarsh, and began exposing themselves to the culture and studying the Quechua language.^{[5] [7]}

Another squad member was Ed McCully, a human Jim Elliot had met and befriended while both attended Wheaton Higher. Following graduation, he married Marilou Hobolth and enrolled in a ane-year bones medical treatment program at the School of Missionary Medicine in Los Angeles. On December ten, 1952, McCully moved to Quito with his family as a Plymouth Brethren missionary, planning to presently join Elliot and Fleming in Shandia. In 1953, however, the station in Shandia was wiped out past a flood, delaying their move until September of that year.^{[v] [8]}

The squad's pilot, Nate Saint, had served in the armed services during World War II, receiving flight preparation every bit a member of the Regular army Air Corps.^{[9] [ unreliable source? ]} After being discharged in 1946, he too studied at Wheaton College, but quit after a year and joined the Mission Aviation Fellowship in 1948. He and his wife Marj traveled to Republic of ecuador by the stop of the twelvemonth, and they settled at MAF headquarters in Shell. Shortly after his arrival, Saint began transporting supplies and equipment to missionaries spread throughout the jungle. This work ultimately led to his meeting the other iv missionaries, whom he joined in Performance Auca.^{[10] [ unreliable source? ]}

Too on the team was Roger Youderian, a 33-year-old missionary who had been working in Republic of ecuador since 1953. Nether the mission lath Gospel Missionary Matrimony, he and his wife Barbara and daughter Beth settled in Macuma, a mission station in the southern jungle of Republic of ecuador. In that location, he and his married woman ministered to the Shuar people, learning their language and transcribing it.^[11] After working with them for most a twelvemonth, Youderian and his family began ministering to a tribe related to the Shuar, the Achuar people. He worked with Nate Saint to provide of import medical supplies; but after a menstruation of attempting to build relationships with them, he failed to see any positive effect and, growing depressed, considered returning to the U.s.a.. However, during this time Saint approached him about joining their team to encounter the Huaorani, and he assented.^[12]

Initial contact [edit]

Map cogent key locations in Operation Auca

The first phase of Functioning Auca began in September 1955. Saint, McCully, Elliot, and boyfriend missionary Johnny Keenan decided to initiate contact with the Huaorani and began periodically searching for them past air. Past the cease of the calendar month, they had identified several clearings in the jungle. Meanwhile, Elliot learned several phrases in the linguistic communication of the Huaorani from Dayuma, a young Huaorani adult female who had left her gild and become friends with Rachel Saint, a missionary and the sis of Nate Saint. The missionaries hoped that by regularly giving gifts to the Huaorani and attempting to communicate with them in their language, they would be able to win them over as friends.^{[thirteen] [fourteen]}

Because of the difficulty and run a risk of meeting the Huaorani on the ground, the missionaries chose to drop gifts to the Huaorani by stock-still-wing aircraft. Their drop technique, developed by Nate Saint, involved flying around the drop location in tight circles while lowering the gift from the plane on a rope. This kept the bundle in roughly the aforementioned position as it approached the basis. On Oct vi, 1955, Saint made the first drib, releasing a small kettle containing buttons and rock salt. The gift-giving continued during the post-obit weeks, with the missionaries dropping machetes, ribbons, wearable, pots, and diverse trinkets.^[15]

After several visits to the Auca village, which the missionaries called "Terminal City", they observed that the Huaorani seemed excited to receive their gifts. Encouraged, they began using a loudspeaker to shout uncomplicated Huaorani phrases every bit they circled. Afterwards several more than drops, in Nov the Huaorani began tying gifts for the missionaries to the line later removing the gifts the missionaries gave them. The men took this equally a gesture of friendliness and developed plans for coming together the Huaorani on the ground. Saint soon identified a 200-thousand (200 m) sandbar along the Curaray River about four.5 miles (7 km) from Terminal City that could serve as a runway and army camp site, and dubbed it "Palm Beach".^[16]

Palm Beach [edit]

At this point, Pete Fleming had still not decided to participate in the performance, and Roger Youderian was still working in the jungle farther south. On December 23, the Flemings, Saints, Elliots and McCullys together made plans to land at Palm Beach and build a army camp on Jan 3, 1956. They agreed to take weapons, but decided that they would merely be used to fire into the air to scare the Huaorani if they attacked. They built a sort of tree house that could exist assembled upon arrival, and collected gifts, offset help equipment, and language notes.^[17]

By January ii, Youderian had arrived and Fleming had confirmed his interest, so the five met in Arajuno to prepare to go out the following day. After pocket-sized mechanical trouble with the plane, Saint and McCully took off at 8:02 a.k. on January three and successfully landed on the sandy beach along the Curaray River. Saint so flew Elliot and Youderian to the military camp, and and so made several more flights, carrying equipment. After the concluding delivery, he flew over a Huaorani settlement and, using a loudspeaker, told the Huaorani to visit the missionaries' camp. He then returned to Arajuno, and the adjacent twenty-four hour period, he and Fleming flew out to Palm Beach.^[18]

Showtime visit [edit]

On January 6, subsequently the Missionaries had spent several days of waiting and shouting basic Huaorani phrases into the jungle, the starting time Huaorani visitors arrived. A swain and two women emerged on the opposite river bank around xi:15 a.m., and soon joined the missionaries at their encampment.^{[xix] [ non-primary source needed ]} The younger of the two women had come against the wishes of her family, and the man, named Nankiwi, who was romantically interested in her, followed. The older woman (about thirty years quondam) acted as a self-appointed chaperone.^{[20] [ non-chief source needed ]} The men gave them several gifts, including a model plane, and the visitors shortly relaxed and began conversing freely, obviously non realizing that the men'south language skills were weak. Nankiwi, whom the missionaries nicknamed "George", showed interest in their shipping, then Saint took off with him aboard. They first completed a circuit around the camp, just Nankiwi appeared eager for a second trip, so they flew toward Final City. Upon reaching a familiar clearing, Nankiwi recognized his neighbors, and leaning out of the plane, wildly waved and shouted to them. After that afternoon, the younger woman became restless, and though the missionaries offered their visitors sleeping quarters, Nankiwi and the young woman left the beach with piffling explanation. The older woman apparently had more interest in conversing with the missionaries, and remained there almost of the dark.^[21]

After seeing Nankiwi in the aeroplane, a pocket-size group of Huaorani decided to make the trip to Palm Embankment, and left the following morning, January seven. On the manner, they encountered Nankiwi and the girl, returning unescorted. The girl's brother, Nampa, was furious at this, and to defuse the situation and divert attention from himself, Nankiwi claimed that the foreigners had attacked them on the beach, and in their haste to abscond, they had been separated from their chaperone. Gikita, a senior member of the group whose experience with outsiders had taught him that they could not exist trusted, recommended that they impale the foreigners. The render of the older woman and her account of the friendliness of the missionaries was not enough to dissuade them, and they before long connected toward the beach.^[20]

Attack [edit]

On January 8 the missionaries waited, expecting a larger group of Huaorani to go far sometime that afternoon, if only to get aeroplane rides. Saint fabricated several trips over Huaorani settlements, and on the following morning time he noted a group of Huaorani men traveling toward Palm Embankment. He excitedly relayed this data to his wife over the radio at 12:30 p.k., promising to brand contact over again at 4:thirty p.m.^[22]

The Huaorani arrived at Palm Embankment around 3:00 p.m., and in order to divide the foreigners before attacking them, they sent three women to the other side of the river. One, Dawa, remained hidden in the jungle, but the other 2 showed themselves. Two of the missionaries waded into the water to greet them, but were attacked from behind by Nampa. Patently attempting to scare him, Elliot, the commencement missionary to be speared, drew his pistol and began firing. One of these shots mildly injured Dawa, even so hidden, and another grazed the missionary'south aggressor after he was grabbed from behind past one of the women.^[23] Accounts differ on the effect of that bullet. Missionaries interpreted the testimonies of Dawa and Dayuma to mean that Nampa was killed months subsequently while hunting, but others, including missionary anthropologist James Yost, came to believe that his death was a result of the bullet wound. Rachel Saint did not take this, holding that eyewitnesses supported her position, but researcher Laura Rival, a critic of the expedition, suggests that information technology is at present commonly believed among Huaorani that Nampa died of the wound.^{[24] [25]} The other missionary in the river, Fleming, earlier being speared, badly reiterated friendly overtures and asked the Huaorani why they were killing them. Meanwhile, the other Huaorani warriors, led past Gikita, attacked the three missionaries still on the embankment, spearing Saint first, and then McCully as he rushed to stop them. Youderian ran to the airplane to get to the radio, simply he was speared as he picked up the microphone to study the attack.^[23] The Huaorani then threw the men's bodies and their property in the river, and ripped the cloth from their aircraft. They then returned to their village and, anticipating retribution, burned it to the basis and fled into the jungle.^[23]

Search [edit]

At iv:30 p.k., Marj Saint and Pete Fleming's wife, Olive, were waiting for the call from Saint. Not receiving word at iv:30 p.m. immediately caused his married woman Marj to worry, simply Marj and Olive did not tell anyone well-nigh the lack of communication until that evening. To avoid interference, the unabridged mission had been kept a secret from all those not directly involved at the fourth dimension, thus making the timing of this announcement more difficult.^[26] The next morn, January 9, Johnny Keenan flew to the camp site, and at 9:30 a.m. he reported via radio to the wives that the airplane was stripped of its fabric, and that the men were not there. The Commander in Master of the Caribbean Control, Lieutenant General William K. Harrison, was contacted, and Quito-based radio station HCJB released a news bulletin saying that five men were missing in Huaorani territory. Soon, aircraft from the United states Air Rescue Service in Panama were flying over the jungle, and a ground search party consisting of missionaries and military personnel was organized. The first two of the bodies were constitute on Midweek, January 11, and on Th, Ed McCully's trunk was identified past a grouping of Quechuas. They took his spotter as prove of the finding only did not move his body from its location on the bank of the Curaray; it was later on washed away. Two more than bodies were found on January 12. The searchers hoped that one of the unidentified bodies would be McCully, thinking that perhaps one of the men had escaped. All the same, on Jan xiii, all four of the bodies found were positively identified by watches and wedding rings, and McCully's torso was not amidst them, confirming that all five were expressionless. In the midst of a tropical storm, they were buried in a common grave at Palm Beach on Jan 14 past members of the ground search party.^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}

Aftermath [edit]

Life magazine covered the deaths of the men with a photograph essay, including photographs past Cornell Capa and some taken by the five men before their deaths.^[31] The ensuing worldwide publicity gave several missionary organizations significant more than visibility, especially in the United States and Latin America. Almost notable amidst these was the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL), the arrangement for which both Elisabeth Elliot and Rachel Saint worked. Because of the martyrdom of her brother, Saint considered herself spiritually bonded to the Huaorani, believing that what she saw as his sacrifice for the Huaorani was symbolic of Christ'south decease for the conservancy of humanity. In 1957, Saint and her Huaorani companion Dayuma toured across the U.s.a. and appeared on the television show This Is Your Life. The two also appeared in a Billy Graham crusade in New York City, contributing to Saint'south increasing popularity amidst evangelical Christians and generating significant budgetary donations for SIL.^[32]

Saint and Elliot returned to Ecuador to work among the Huaorani (1958-1960), establishing a military camp chosen Tihueno near a former Huaorani settlement. Rachel Saint and Dayuma became bonded in Huaorani optics through their shared mourning and Rachel'due south adoption as a sis of Dayuma, taking the name Nemo from the latter'south deceased youngest sister. Nemo means star in Huaorani, they said she was their light. The offset Huaorani to settle in that location were primarily women and children from a Huaorani group called the Guiquetairi, merely in 1968 an enemy Huaorani band known as the Baihuari joined them. Elliot had returned to the United States in the early 1960s, so Saint and Dayuma worked to alleviate the resulting conflict. They succeeded in securing cohabitation of the two groups by overseeing numerous cross-band weddings, leading to an terminate of inter-clan warfare simply obscuring the cultural identity of each grouping.^[33]

Saint and Dayuma, in conjunction with SIL, negotiated the cosmos of an official Huaorani reservation in 1969, consolidating the Huaorani and consequently opening up the surface area to commerce and oil exploration. By 1973, over 500 people lived in Tihueno, of which more than half had arrived in the previous six years. The settlement relied on aid from SIL, and as a Christian community, followed rules foreign to Huaorani culture like prohibitions on killing and polygamy. By the early 1970s, SIL began to question whether their impact on the Huaorani was positive, then they sent James Yost, a staff anthropologist, to assess the situation. He found extensive economic dependence and increasing cultural assimilation, and as a result, SIL ended its support of the settlement in 1976, leading to its disintegration and the dispersion of the Huaorani into the surrounding area. SIL had hoped that the Huaorani would return to the isolation in which they had lived 20 years prior, but instead they sought out contact with the exterior globe, forming villages of which many have been recognized by the Ecuadorian government.^{[34] [35]}

Legacy [edit]

Evangelical Christian views [edit]

Among evangelical Christians, the five men are commonly considered martyrs and missionary heroes. Books have been written near them by numerous biographers, about notably Elisabeth Elliot. Anniversaries of their deaths have been accompanied by stories in major Christian publications,^{[36] [37]} and their story, also every bit the subsequent acceptance of Christianity among the Huaorani, has been turned into several move pictures.

Nevertheless, Christians have noted with concern the disintegration of traditional Huaorani culture and westernization of the tribe, start with Nate Saint'due south own periodical entry in 1955 and continuing through today. However, many continue to view as positive both Performance Auca and the subsequent missionary efforts of Rachel Saint, mission organizations such as Mission Aviation Fellowship, Wycliffe Bible Translators, HCJB World Radio, Avant Ministries (formerly Gospel Missionary Wedlock), and others. Specifically, they annotation the pass up in violence amid tribe members, numerous conversions to Christianity, and growth of the local church.^{[38] [39]}

Anthropologist views [edit]

Some anthropologists take less favorable views of the missionary work begun by Performance Auca, viewing the intervention equally the cause for the recent and widely recognized decline of Huaorani civilisation. Leading Huaorani researcher Laura Rival says that the work of the SIL pacified the Huaorani during the 1960s, and argues that missionary intervention caused meaning changes in primal components of Huaorani order. Prohibitions of polygamy, violence, chanting, and dancing were directly contrary to cultural norms, and the relocation of Huaorani and subsequent intermarrying of previously hostile groups eroded cultural identity.^[40]

Others are somewhat less negative—Brysk, after noting that the work of the missionaries opened the area to outside intervention and led to the deterioration of the civilisation, says that the SIL also informed the Huaorani of their legal rights and taught them how to protect their interests from developers.^[41] Boster goes even farther, suggesting that the pacification of the Huaorani was a result of active try by the Huaorani themselves, non the result of missionary imposition. He argues that Christianity served as a way for the Huaorani to escape the cycle of violence in their community, since information technology provided a motivation to abstain from killing.^[42]

Creative depictions [edit]

There take been several screen depictions of Operation Auca. The 2004 documentary Beyond the Gates of Splendor featured interviews with some of the Huaorani and surviving family members of the missionaries. The 2006 drama motion picture Terminate of the Spear grossed over $12 million.^[43]

Five Wives, an laurels-winning novel by Joan Thomas, centred on the surviving wives of the missionaries.^[44]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003, pp. 473–75.
2. ^ Rival 2002, pp. 37–38.
3. ^ Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003, pp. 473, 475, 480.
4. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. nineteen–21, 24.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Stoll 1982, pp. 282–83.
6. ^ "The Age - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com . Retrieved 2016-05-28 .
7. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 25–26, 28–32.
8. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 48, 53–54.
9. ^ Hitt 1959, p. 65.
10. ^ Hitt 1959, pp. 94, 136–45, 265.
11. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 73–79.
12. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 81, 92–94, 151–54.
13. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 128–33.
14. ^ Elliot 2005.
15. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 134–43, 149–50.
16. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 146–48, 156, 161, 163.
17. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 173–74.
18. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 177–83.
19. ^ Elliot 2005, p. 189.
20. ^ ^{a b} Saint 2007, p. 25.
21. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 190–92.
22. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 193–94.
23. ^ ^{a b c} Saint 2007, pp. 26–27.
24. ^ Rival 2002, p. 158.
25. ^ Stoll 1982, pp. 305–7.
26. ^ Chaffee, Jeanette (2014-09-11). Improvident Graces: 23 Inspiring Stories of Facing Incommunicable Odds. WestBow Press. ISBN9781490835983.
27. ^ Elliot 2005, pp. 195–200, 233–39.
28. ^ NYT 1956.
29. ^ NYT 1956b.
30. ^ NYT 1956c.
31. ^ "Life Mag - the Martyrs' story". Mission Aviation Fellowship . Retrieved 2020-09-08 .
32. ^ Colby & Dennett 1995, pp. 287–90..
33. ^ Rival 2002, pp. 157–59.
34. ^ Rival 2002, pp. 158–61.
35. ^ Stoll 1982, pp. 296–305.
36. ^ Saint 1996.
37. ^ Rainey 2006.
38. ^ Elliot 2005, p. 157.
39. ^ Rainey 2006, pp. 18–21.
40. ^ Rival 2002, p. 157.
41. ^ Brysk 2004, pp. 37–38.
42. ^ Boster, Yost & Peeke 2003, pp. 480–82.
43. ^ "End of the Spear (2006)". Box office mojo. Retrieved 2007-01-08 .
44. ^ Russell Smith, "With its exam of evangelists, V Wives puts Joan Thomas in Alice Munro's league". The Globe and Mail, September 5, 2019.

References [edit]

• Boster, James South.; Yost, James; Peeke, Catherine (2003). "Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence". Ethos. 31 (4): 471–94. doi:10.1525/eth.2003.31.four.471.
• Brysk, Alison (2004). "From Civil Society to Collective Action". In Cleary, Edward L; Steigenga, Timothy J (eds.). Resurgent Voices in Latin America. London: Rutgers University. pp. 25–42. ISBN0-8135-3460-7.
• Colby, Gerard; Dennett, Charlotte (1995). Thy Will Be Done . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN0-06-016764-v.
• Elliot, Elisabeth (2005). Through Gates of Splendor. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale. ISBN0-8423-7151-six. ^{[ non-main source needed ]}
• Hitt, Russell (1959). Jungle Pilot: The Life and Witness of Nate Saint . New York: Harper.
• "v U.S. Missionaries Are Believed Slain". The New York Times. Jan 12, 1956. p. 3.
• "v U.S. Missionaries Lost; Jungle Murder Feared". The New York Times. January 11, 1956. p. 4.
• Liefeld, Olive Fleming (1990). Unfolding Destinies: The Untold Story of Peter Fleming and the Auca Mission. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
• "4 Bodies Found in Ecuador". The New York Times. Jan 13, 1956. p. 5.
• Rainey, Clint (2006). "5-Human Legacy". Globe (Jan 28, 2006): 20–27.
• Rival, Laura M. (2002). Trekking through history: the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador. Columbia Academy Printing. ISBN0-231-11844-9.
• Saint, Steve (1996). "Did They Have to Die?". Christianity Today (September sixteen, 1996): 20–27. ^{[ non-primary source needed ]}
• ——— (2007). End of the Spear . Saltriver. ISBN978-0-8423-8488-9.
• Stoll, David (1982). Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?. London: Zed. ISBN0-86232-111-5.
• ——— (1990). Is Latin America Turning Protestant? . Los Angeles: Academy of California. ISBN0-520-06499-2.
• Drown, Frank. Unmarked Memories: Five friends cached in the jungle of Ecuador. Avant Ministries. ISBN978-1450740760.

Further reading [edit]

• "'Go Ye and Preach the Gospel' Five Exercise and Dice". Life Magazine: 10–xix. January thirty, 1956.
• Ziegler-Otero, Lawrence (2004). Resistance In An Amazonian Community: Huaorani Organizing Against The Global Economy. New York / Oxford: Berghahn. ISBNane-57181-448-5.

External links [edit]

• Remembering V Missionary Martyrs, Intervarsity Christian Fellowship .
• 5 Missionary Martyrs (Moments Media), Plymouth Brethren .
• "Cease of the Spear (2006)", IMDb .
• Trinkets and Beads, First Run / Icarus Films, 1996 .
• More Than Meets the Center History and The Terminate of the Spear, Christianity Today, 2006 .

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Auca

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